高二英语语法

高二英语语法填空专项训练及答案

高二英语语法重点之一：定语从句
1. 定语从句的基本概念
定语从句在复合句中起定语作用，修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词在先行词与定语从句之间起纽带作用。关系词代表着先行词并在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。如：
He is the man who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。
分析：the man就是先行词；修饰the man的who lives next door就是定语从句；who是关系词，它代表先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
2. 关系词代词和关系副词的用法
依照关系词在从句中的用法差异，可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等，关系副词有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下：
(1)关系代词的用法：先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时，关系代词常被省略。如：
A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller。开店售书的人叫做书商。
He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。
You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是唯一可能使他听从劝告的人。
he was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。
(2)关系副词的用法：关系副词有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、在点和原因。When通常放在time, day, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后；where通常放在place, city, town, village, house, case, point, situation等地点名词后；why通常只放在reason后。如：
Have you set the day when you will move? 你搬迁的日子定了吗?
The book is on the table where you left it. 书在桌子上，你放在那里的。
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。
3. 限制性和非限制性定语从句的比较
限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用，若去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，它是不可缺少的一部分，它与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号将其分开。而非限制性定语从句只是对先行词起补充说明作用，它可有可无，与先行词关系松散，通常用逗号将其分开。因此，有无逗号是区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的重要标志。在限制性定语从句中that可以代替who, whom和which等；但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that。如：
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他以前未见过她，这不是事实。
Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
注意：关系副词when, where可引导非限制性定语从句，但关系副词why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：
4. 习惯上要用that引导的定语从句
指事物时，在下列情况下，人们通常用that，而不用which。
(1)当先行词为不定代词时：当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时，通常用that。如：
All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。
There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。
(2)当涉及序数词或最高级时：当先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时，通常用that。如：
This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。
(3)当涉及the very, the only, the same时：当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that。如：
This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
(3)当先行词包括人和物时：此时通常用that。如：
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
5. 通常要用that引导的定语从句
在下列情况下，通常不用that引导定语从句：
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时：此时不能用that，而要根据情况选用who, whom或which等。如：
Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excited. 我昨天碰到了玛丽，她显得很兴奋。
(2)直接在介词后用作宾语时：此时不用that，而要用whom或which。如：
This is the person to whom your father spoke just now. 这是刚才你父亲和他说话的那个人。
(3)当定语从句被分隔时：当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时，不宜用that，而用who, whom或which。如：
I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
6. 关系代词who与whom的区别
两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who 为主格，whom为宾格，但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代词 whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之。如：
The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。
不过，值得注意的是，直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用 whom，而且不能省略。如：
She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来，我以前都没见过。
另外，引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时，who 和 whom均可用，但以用 whom 为佳，此时也不能省略。如：
This is Jack, who [whom] you haven’t met before. 这是杰克，你以前没见过。
7. 关系代词as和which的区别
(1)互换的情况：两者有时可互换。如：
I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。
(2)只有as的情况：以下两种情况，习惯只用as，不用which。
①在such, as, the same后引导定语从句时只能用ash。如：
I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
It’s the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
② 当从句位于主句前面时，只用 as。如：
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。
(3)值得注意的情况：以下三种情况值得注意。
①as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，但which无此限制。比较：
He went abroad, as [which] was expected. 他出国了，这是大家预料到的。
He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
②as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而which 则无此限制。如：
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
③当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而 which则无此限制：
She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了，这似乎很自常。
She has married again, which delighted us. 她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。(不用as)
8. 先行词是时间或地点的定语从句
先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时，代表先行词的关系词若在定语从句中作状语，用关系副词when或where引导，when和which相当于“介词＋which”；若在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词which或that来引导。
确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是：看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语，若缺，用关系代词；若不缺，用关系副词。如：
That’s the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。
Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。
Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? 你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗？
9. 介词加关系代词引导的定语从句
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，若关系代词紧靠在介词后，先行词是人时，用whom，先行词是物时，用which，不用who或that，关系代词whom和which不能省略。至于用什么介词，一般可由定语从句的谓语与先行词之间需要加是什么介词来搭配才讲得通来确定。如：
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize. 我把他名字称呼错了，为此我表示歉意。
10. 关系代词作定语的定语从句
关系代词在从句中作定语表示所属关系，先行词是人，表示“先行词这个人的…”，用whose；先行词是事物，表示“先行词这个事物的…”，用whose…或the…of which或of which…都可以。如：
In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still. suffers. 1980年他患了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。
The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。
另外，还要注意以下这类定语从句，which也是用作定语：
She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能迟到，因此我们应该等她。
He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了，这时我就决定回家了。
He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官，在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。
11. of whom / which引导的定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用…of which / whom或者of which / whom…都可以。但与表示所属关系不同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。如：
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。
I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。
12. the way后面的定语从句
the way后面的定语从句，关系词若在从句中作状语，相当于“用这种方式 / 方法(=in this way)”时，通常不用关系词，偶尔用that，在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。如：
Do it the way you were taught. 要照教你的那样做。
I was impressed by the way in which she did it. 她干成这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。
注意：way后不能用how引导定语从句，但也可以不用way，而直接用how引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。如：
That’s the way he did it.= That’s how he did it. 他就是这样做的。
另外，当先行词way表示方向时，不用任何关系词。如：
Was that the way she went? 她是往那个方向走的吗？
13. 分隔定语从句
定语从句一般紧靠在先行词之后，但有时它与先行词之间被一个定语、状语或谓语分隔开来，这种定语从句就叫分隔定语从句。如：
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English. 教你们英语的新老师明天来。（先行词与定语从句被will come tomorrow分开了）

高二英语语法填空题及答案解析

　　英语语法的学习，是学好英语的重要内容。下面是我为大家收集整理的 高二英语 语法知识点，相信这些文字对你会有所帮助的。
 

　　高二英语语法知识点(一)

　　过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语时，说明动作发生的背景或情况，其等同于一个状语从句。vt 过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系，表示被动和完成，vi 过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。

　　Heated , water changes into steam .

　　The professor came in, followed by a group of young people .

　　1 作原因状语，等于as / since / because 引导从句

　　Moved by what she said ,we couldn’t help crying . = ( As we are moved by what she said …

　　2 作时间状语，等于when 引导时间从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生，可在分词前加when/ while / until 等使时间意义更明确。

　　When heated , water can be changed into steam .

　　Seen from the hill ,the park looks very beautiful .= ( When the park is seen from the hill…

　　3 作条件状语等于 if / whether 引导从句

　　Given more attention , the cabbages could have grown better .= ( If they have been given more attention ….

　　Compared with you , we still have a long way to go = ( If we are compared with you …

　　4 作方式或伴随状语

　　The actress came in , followed by her fans .

　　She sat by the window , lost in thought .

　　5 作让步状语

　　Much tired ,he still kept on working .=(Although he was tired ,) he ….

　　6 独立主格结构： 当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时，分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。

　　The boy rushed into the classroom , his face covered with sweat .

　　All things considered ,your article is of great value than hers .

　　Rewrite with proper conjunctions

　　Example : United we stand, divided we fall.

　　If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided,we will fall.

　　1 Asked what had happened, he told us about it.

　　→When he was asked what had happened, …

　　2 Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.

　　→Because he was well known for his expert advice.

　 　高二英语语法知识点(二)

　　1.倒装句的定义：英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。

　　如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，就叫做倒装。

　　2. 倒装句的构成

　　a) 完全倒装

　　将 句子 的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称之为完全倒装。

　　Are you from here? 你是本地人吗?

　　Now comes the chance. 机会来了。

　　b) 部分倒装

　　只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，称之为部分倒装。例如：

　　Has he come? 他来了吗?

　　Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。

　　Only in this way can we do the work better.

　　3. 倒装的原因

　　a) 句子语法结构的需要。例如：

　　Did you attend the meeting? 你参加会议了吗?

　　Long live peace! 和平万岁!

　　b) 一些句型的固定用法。例如：

　　Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。

　　c)强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。例如：

　　Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。

　　Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。

　　Often did we warn them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。

　　4. 倒装句的基本用法

　　a) 构成疑问句(除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外)：

　　When are we going to drink to your happiness? 我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?

　　Have you seen the film? 你看了那部电影吗?

　　b) 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down

　　c) 副词only+状语放在句首时:

　　Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。

　　Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用这种 方法 你才能学好数学。

　　d) 含有否定意义的副词或连词(如little, hardly, never, rarely, no sooner…than等)放在句首时:

　　Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。

　　Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到 元旦 那天才能给你礼物。

　　Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests.

　　火车刚一进站，我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。

　　e) 副词so或 neither(nor)在句首:

　　He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。

　　He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。

　　f) 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首:

　　Thus ended his life. 这样结束了他的生命。

　　So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him . 他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。
 

　　高二英语语法知识点(三)

　　英语中过去分词可作宾补，(此时的过去分词一般是及物动词)表被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。做宾补的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。如：

　　She found the door broken in when she came back.(宾补与宾语有被动的关系，表一种状态。)

　　一. 过去分词用在表状态的动词keep,leave等的后面。

　　Eg:They kept the door locked for a long time.

　　Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.( 谚语 ：少说多看)

　　Don't leave such an important thing undone.

　　Don't leave the windows broken like this all the time.

　　二.过分词用在get,have,make, 的后面。

　　1.注意“have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情况：

　　A)表"让某人做某事/让某事(被人)做"

　　eg: I have had my bike repaired.

　　The villagers had many trees planted just then.

　　B)表"遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击/受....影响，蒙受..... 损失"

　　Eg:I had my wallet stolen on a bus last month.

　　The old man had his leg broken in the accident.

　　He had his leg broken in the match yesterday.(MET1986)

　　2."make+宾语+过去分词",在这种结构中，过去分词的动词必须是表示结果含义的。如：

　　They managed to make themselves understood in very simple English.

　　I raised my voice to make myself heard.

　　三、过去分词用在感观动词watch,notice,see,hear,listen to ,feel,find等后面。如

　　When we got to school,we saw the door locked.

　　We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.

　　He felt himself cheated.

　　The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.(NMET2000)

　　四、过去分词用在want,wish,like ,expect等表示“希望，愿望”这一类动词后面做宾补。如

　　The boss wouldn't like the problem discussed at the moment.

　　I would like my house painted white.

　　I want the suit made to his own measure.

　　I wish the problem settled.

　　五、过去分词用在“with +宾语+宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。如：

　　The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.

　　With many brightly-coloured flowers planted around the building ,his house looks like a beautiful garden.

　　With everything well arranged,he left the office.

　　六、过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别。

　　现在分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是主谓关系。其动作与谓语动作同时进行。

　　过去分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是动宾关系。其动作先于谓语动作。

　　不定式作宾补：　表一个完成的动作、或表一个很短时间内看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作。